sábado, 12 de janeiro de 2008

Genética e Biologia Forense

O que é?


A genética e biologia forense é uma das áreas da ciência forense, que utiliza os conhecimentos e as técnicas de genética e de biologia molecular, para apoiar e auxiliar a justiça, a deslindar casos sob investigação policial e/ou do Ministério Público. Esta área é também conhecida com DNA Forense.




Para que serve?



Francisco Corte-Real, vice-presidente do INML (Instituto de Medicina Legal) e especialista em genética e biologia forense afirma que, esta área do saber é" muitíssimo importante para ajudar a deslindar casos que, de outro modo, jamais seriam resolvidos".

No caso de um homicídio, por exemplo, equipas de especialistas do INML deslocam-se ao local do crime, recolhem vestígios considerados importantes, como fragmnetos de pele do agressor, pêlos, cabelos, manchas de sangue, entre outros, protegendo tudo o que possa ser passível de destruição.

O papel do INML , lembra Francisco Corte-Real, "não é o de acusar criminosos ou atribuir responsabilidades por quaisquer actos praticados". Os técnicos da genética e biologia forense "limitam-se a analisar factos, com base nos conhecimentos e rigor científico, e a elaborar relatórios para apreciação dos tribunais, que decidirão depois de confrontados outros meios de prova.

Ao serviço de genética e biologia forense compete-lhe a realização de perícias e exames laboratorias de:

  • hematologia forense;
  • vestigios orgânicos como manchas de sangue encontradas nos locais dos crimes, de sémen deixado nas vítimas de crimes de natureza sexual, de pêlos ou cabelos suspeitos de percentencerem a criminosos);
  • identificação biológica de parentesco(identificação de paternidade ou maternidade, entre outros);
  • identificação genética individual (identificação de um corpo ou fragmentos de um corpo);


História...



A Genética e biologia Forense teve origem aquando das primeiras utilizações das características genéticas para fazer testes de paternidade, ajudando a justiça.

A fase moderna da Genética Forense dá-se na década de 1980 quando investigadores descobrirem regiões altamente variáveis do ADN, capazes de individualizar uma pessoa.



Em 1985, Sir Alec Jeffreys apelida as características únicas do DNA de uma pessoa de "impressões digitais do DNA".

No decorrer da década de 1990, com a popularização da PCR, desenvolvem-se técnicas cada vez mais sensíveis, capazes de identificar a origem de amostras biológicas com muito pouco DNA.





Graças aos avanços da tecnologia, esta área da ciência forense tem-se desenvolvido bastante, em todo o mundo. Isso verifica-se pela abundância de laboratórios, que existem Em Portugal e não só, que realizam exames de paternidade e maternidade, exames de identificação genética individual entre outros; mostrando grande aderência por parte das pessoas.



(Teresa Felgueiras)

Bibliografia:

http://jn.sapo.pt/2005/09/07/sociedade/genetica_forense_servico_justica.html

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